Vapor-liquid phase change heat transfer is crucial in versatile industrial applications, such as power generation, thermal management, and water harvesting and desalination. With progress on material science and technology, artificial hierarchical structures have been comprehensively developed for this objective. For condensation and boiling/evaporation, this Keynote focuses on the advances in heat transfer enhancement and underlying mechanism exploitation for the novel macro/micro/nano superhydrophilic/hydrophobic hierarchical surfaces. First, a superhydrophilic hierarchical nanowire surface that is composed of hollow nanowire bundles and microscale V-grooves was designed to break the trade-off between the capillary driving force and flow resistance. A preferential capillary pumping phenomenon was discovered using confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, which provides high capillary pressure to obtain twice-enhanced capillary spreading rate. The novel evaporation protocol was demonstrated to the improved evaporation by hollow nanowire bundles and the enhanced liquid supply by microscale Vgrooves. At a wall temperature of 60 °C, the evaporation rate is 12 times of that on the hydrophilic surface. Second, for pure steam condensation on superhydrophobic surfaces, there is remaining a challenge of tackling condensate flooding due to the large nucleation density and high condensation rate. A superhydrophobic hierarchical nanowire surface with specific microscale V-grooves was designed to control both the initial nucleation and droplet growth. The preferential nucleation around the top of nanowire bunches was found using ESEM. Experimental results illustrated the reversible wetting transition between Wenzel and Cassie state as the surface subcooling increases and decreases. An increased heat transfer coefficient of 21%-221% and a maximum heat transfer flux of 1.06 MW/m² were obtained on the superhydrophobic hierarchical nanowire surface under a stable jumping-droplet condensation. Third, the vapor diffusion flux gradients can be altered by the macrotextures, leading to a wetting gradient along the groove height. The relay droplet jumping on the superhydrophobic macro-textured groove arrays was demonstrated. The results showed that MGAs can promote droplet mobility, preventing flooding even under large surface subcooling. The condensation performance was enhanced by a maximum of 240% compared with conventional flat surface. Fourth, a rhacocarpus-inspired porous surface consisting of a three-level wetting gradient was designed to promote nucleation, condensate transport and droplet shedding size with the directional condensate suction flow. The water collection performance was increased by 160%. Fifth, the simultaneous enhancement of CHF and HTC of nucleate boiling is a long-standing challenge. a hierarchical porous surface was developed using the powder sintering technique followed by chemical modification. Coupling the microcavities-activated nucleation and capillary-induced rewetting, the hierarchical power surfaces greatly improve nucleation density, bubble departure diameter and frequency. The results showed that a 2.2 times higher CHF, 2.5 times higher HTC, and 85% lower ONB are demonstrated when compared with the plain surface. Finally, a roadmap for the exploitation of enhanced surfaces is outlined in emerging phase change heat transfer applications and various energy systems.